The Internet of things (IoT) is a network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with the electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity that enable these things to connect, collect, and exchange data.
IoT involves extending Internet connectivity beyond standard devices, such as desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets, to a variety of physical devices or everyday objects that are traditionally dumb or non-internet-enabled. Embedded with technology, these devices can communicate and interact over the Internet, and they can be monitored and controlled remotely. With the arrival of driverless vehicles, the branch of IoT, i.e. Vehicle Internet, is starting to get more and more attention.
The Internet's definition of things has evolved due to the convergence of various technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems. The traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to enabling the Internet.
The concept of networked smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University being the first device connected to the Internet, [8] able to report its inventory and whether a freshly loaded drink was cold. Mark Weiser's 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of the 21st Century", as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and PerCom produced a contemporary vision of IoT. In 1994, Reza Raji described the concept in the IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small data packets onto large sets of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to entire factories". [12] Between 1993 and 1997, several companies proposed solutions such as Microsoft at Work or Novell's NEST. The field gained momentum when Bill Joy envisioned device-to-Device (D2D) communications as part of his "Six Webs" framework, which was presented at the World Economic Forum in Davos in 1999.
The term "Internet of things" was probably coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble, then MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999, although he prefers the phrase "Internet for things". [15] At the time, he saw radio frequency identification (RFID) as essential for the Internet, [16] which would allow computers to manage all the individual things.
A research article mentioning the Internet of things was submitted to a conference for Nordic Researchers in Logistics, Norway, in June 2002, [20] which was preceded by an article published in Finland in January 2002. The implementation described there was developed by Kary Främling and his team at Helsinki University of Technology and is more suited to modern, namely information systems infrastructure to implement intelligent and connected objects.
Defining the Internet of things as "just a point in time when more 'things or things' are connected to the Internet than people", Cisco Systems estimates that the IoT was "born" between 2008 and 2009, with an object/person ratio grew from 0.08 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010.
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